Common Sentence Error

Common Sentence-level Errors The Run-On, The Comma Splice, The Fragment RUN-ON A run-on or fused sentence is two independent clauses that are not separated by any punctuation. Run-on:  Ã‚   Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea it's the law. Revision:   Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea; it's the law. Even if one or both of the fused sentences contain internal punctuation, the sentence is still a run-on. COMMA SPLICE A comma splice is the unjustifiable use of only a comma to combine two separate sentences. One should use either a period, a semicolon, or a coordinating conjunction and a comma to separate the two statements. ) Comma splice:   Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea, it's the law. Revision:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wearing a seatbelt is not just a good idea; it's the law. =========================================== Both run-on sentences and comma splices may be corrected in any of the following ways: Run-on:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tevon won the award he had the highest score. Comma splice:   Tevon won the award, he had the highest score. 1. Separate the sentences with a period. Tevon won the award. He had the highest score. 2. Separate the sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so). o Tevon won the award, for he had the highest score. 3. Separate the sentences with a semicolon. o Tevon won the award; he had the highest score. If a conjunctive adverb like therefore, however, then, or consequently separates the two sentences, use a semicolon also. o I was unwilling to testify; however, I did it anyway. 4. Separate the sentences with a subordinating conjunction such as although, because, since, or if. Tevon won the award because he had the highest score. Page 2 SENTENCE FRAGMENT A fragment is an incomplete construction which may or may not have a subject and a verb. Specifically, a fragment is a group of words pretending to be a sentence. That gr oup of words may be — A phrase — A dependent Clause ——————————————————————— Fragment:  Ã‚   Traffic was stalled for ten miles on the freeway. Because repairs were being made on potholes. Revision:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Traffic was stalled for ten miles on the freeway because repairs were being made on potholes. ———————————————————————– Fragment:  Ã‚   It was an excellent movie; one that was nominated for an Oscar. Fragment:  Ã‚   It was an excellent movie. One that was nominated for an Oscar. Revision:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was an excellent movie, one that was nominated for an Oscar. ————————â €”———————————————- Fragment:  Ã‚   Prospectors invaded the newly discovered territory. Some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in heavily laden canoes.Fragment:  Ã‚   Prospectors invaded the newly discovered territory; some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in heavily laden canoes. Revision:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospectors invaded the newly discovered territory, some in wagons, some on horseback, and a few in heavily laden canoes. NOTE: The above explanations coincide very well with Bedford’s explanations in Chapters 19 and 20. Please use this handout along with the above chapters in your Bedford Handbook as guides in studying for the quizzes and in eliminating fragments, run-ons, and comma splices from your sentences.

Juran’s Triology

Juran's Trilogy Prepared By : Kareem Ahmed Daabees Under supervision of : Dr. Mahmmoud Mohammad EL-Damaty Managing for quality consists of three basic quality-oriented processes: quality planning, quality control, and quality improvement. The role of quality planning is to design a process that will be able to meet established goals under operating conditions. The role of quality control is to operate and when necessary correct the process so that it performs with optimal effectiveness.The role of quality improvement is to devise ways to take the process to unprecedented levels of performance. 1. Quality Planning Quality planning stems from a unity of purpose that spans all functions of an organization. The subject of planning can be anything — an engineering process for designing new products, a production process for making goods, or a service process for responding to customer requests. Quality Planning involves: * Identifying customers, both internal and external * Determi ning their needs Specifying the product features that satisfy those needs at minimum cost. * Designing the processes that can reliably produce those features. * Proving that the process can achieve its goals under operating conditions. 2. Quality Control The process of managing operations to meet quality goals. The process of Quality Control involves: * Choosing control subjects * Choosing units of measurement * Establishing a measurement procedure * Measuring * Interpreting differences between measurement and goal. * Taking action to correct significant differences 3.Quality Improvement Assuming the process is under control, any waste that occurs must be inherent in the design of the process. The object of quality improvement is to reduce chronic waste to a much lower level. The steps in Quality Improvement: * Prove the need for improvement * Identify specific projects for improvement * Organize to guide the projects * Organize for diagnosis — discovery of causes * Diagnose the causes * Provide remedies * Prove that the remedies are effective under operating conditions * Provide for control to maintain the gains.

Healthcare Marketing

An orthopedic group practice has decided to develop a pediatric sports medicine program. Identify potential target markets for this new service.At the core of the marketing program is the target market, the group of customers whom the organization wishes to attract (Berkowitz, 2011). Potential target markets for a pediatric sports medicine program may be local schools and recreational parks with athletic programs. Many kids participate in sports at their school and/or neighborhood park so the orthopedic group should definitely target its pediatric sports medicine program marketing within these targets.In developing the new pediatric sports medicine program (described above in question 3), what are some of the uncontrollable environmental factors to consider?Some uncontrollable environment factors to consider in this market would be Economic factors, Social factors, and competitive forces.A major concern for many health care professionals is the belief that marketing â€Å"createsâ⠂¬  needs. Explain the complexity of this issue.Explain the difference between existing customers, target markets, and stakeholders for an acute-care community hospital.Existing customers would be the individuals/patients already using the facility. Target market is the group of customers whom the organization wishes to attract. Stakeholders are any group with which the firm has and/or  wants to develop a relationship with (patients, board of directors, suppliers, physicians, employers).Chapter 2:2. Children’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, has long been considered an outstanding medical center specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric problems. This facility is linked academically to the Harvard University Medical School. Conduct a brief SWOT analysis for Children’s Hospital in light of the present health care environment.A SWOT analysis is vital for any organization because it’s a way of breaking down the organizations strengths and weakn esses including both internal and external environmental factors. A potential internal environmental factor may be being linked to Harvard University and any issues or trend changes with the University could possibly affect the hospital. A potential external environmental factor could include economic, social, an even competitive forces. Luckily according to our textbook, â€Å"in the Boston metropolitan area, Children’s Hospital has been recognized as a leader in pediatric care. Although other competitors also provide pediatric service, the differential advantage rests with Children’s Hospital and it’s narrow market focus† (Berkowitz, 2011).Describe the possible barriers to entry and exit for: (a) a physician wanting to establish a solo practice office in internal medicine, (b) a company offering a health club facility in the same building where employees work, and (c) a tertiary hospital developing a coronary bypass program.Consolidation ââ€" ª System integration ââ€" ª Certificate of NeedRetin-A is a topical ointment originally developed for the treatment of severe cases of acne and related skin disorders. An observed side benefit resulting from use of this product is its beneficial effect on aging skin.  If the manufacturer of this product decided to pursue the latter market, what type of a growth strategy would it be pursuing?Chapter 3:What environmental factors would you suggest account for: (a) in-company clinics that deal with employee medical problems, such as the one established by Toyota, and (b) the success of after-hours clinics and urgent care facilities in many metropolitan areas?Assume you were hired to design a MCO plan targeted to baby boomers in San Antonio, Texas, a city with a large Hispanic population. How would you make this service offering unique to respond to the major trends discussed within this chapter?A primary care medical group has a list of patients who had once used the group on a regular basis as their primary source of care. However, in scanning their records, these patients had not been in for an appointment in the past 2 years. The senior partner wants to send them an informational flyer about the practice and a refrigerator magnet that has the group’s telephone number and after hour’s service number. As the marketing director for the practice, evaluate this approach in light of the HIPAA regulations. Can it be implemented?

LM3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LM3 - Assignment Example The major characteristics that make it difficult to define leadership include; people from both public and private organization barely know the components of leadership whether it exist or it doesn’t. According to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-189 â€Å"leadership is becoming one of the most widely debated but least clearly understood concepts† Secondly people have not yet understood that leadership has become so dynamic whereby, society has been described as â€Å"highly turbulent subject to sudden and dramatic shift† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-189). Thirdly, people have not yet understood leadership requires corporation among all the concern parties, whereby, according to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190, â€Å"Moreover, clients or citizens also want to participate, as well they should†. Additionally, lack some aspect of creativity and innovativeness with respect to leadership style has made it quite challenging to define leaders hip (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190-192). This is because leadership style that may be applied in a particular organization may not be effective in another organization. Additionally, different organizations have different structures and may require different leadership styles (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-189-195). In above connection, future leadership is more of a shared process because current leadership was build based on the past leadership theories. This is according to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-190 â€Å"we need to understand how leadership has been studied and practiced in the past†. Therefore, through past leadership, future leadership can have a reference point as well as a fundamental base of formulating the appropriate leadership styles to be applied in future organizations (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 189-192). However, it is important to consider that â€Å"leadership is changing in many ways, and we should be attentive to those changes† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp-190). In above connection, it can be scrutinized that, â€Å"In the past, a leader was considered the person who held a formal position of power in an organization or a society† (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, p-190). However, through evolution of leadership, people have come to understand that leadership is a process that requires corporation and integration among all people within and outside the organization (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp190-193).Additionally, leadership has taken a certain angle, whereby, decision makers should not only involve people from top management but should also involve those from lower levels of management (Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 190-195).This is because when everybody is involved in decision making, people feel that they own those decision(Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 190-195 2. How to our text authors define â€Å"moral imagination†? When is this t o be used? Why? What does it involve? The author has employed the concept of moral imagination to explain what moral leadership entails as well as moral issues. According to Denhardt, Denhardt & Aristigueta, pp 224-225, moral imagination entails â€Å"not just heightening attention to moral con-cerns, but rather carefully and thoughtfully understanding and evaluating

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Marketing - Essay Example Cervo & Allen (2011 p.67) revealing the client information may not only raise ethical concerns, but also alienates the customers from the business. In attempt to unravel this dilemma, business critics have suggested a number of possible effects that would occur if a firm opts to disclose such information. The case study illustrates the above problem and provides a suggestion on how to handle the problem. Marketing issues at stake The primary marketing issue at stake is the leaking of customer secret information. IFA marketing executives have sought confidential information of customers of ShopSense. The marketing executives of IFA believe that confidential information about consumers of foodstuffs would be useful in developing products for their customers. However, extracting such information from another company such as ShopSense is not easy. A major concern raised against the idea is the detrimental effects that leaking such information may have on the reputation of the company. Es tablishing confidence of the consumers as well as maintaining a consistent customer takes long. The two firms seem to acknowledge this fact. The relationship between the business and the firm hangs on respects to the mutual agreement consented to by both parties (Russo, 2010 p.167). The deal seems lucrative, but poses serious challenges to ShopSense. Arguably, clients of this firm have demonstrated their trust to the firm. In addition, they have maintained trust to the firm by consistently buying their products from the firm. This means that disclosing the information is an attempt to break the bond between the firm and the clients. The nagging question is who should allow the dissemination of the client’s private information. Compare and contrast the advice provided by different critics. A common observation made by the marketing critics is the sensitivity of the information kept by ShopSense. ShopSense values the customers’ information more than IFA. In this sense, i t means that disclosing information about the client would affect their business adversely. Clients of ShopSense seem to confide in the company. However, disclosing such information for financial benefit seems to have a short-term benefit to ShopSense. In business, the benefits derived from any decision dictates the present and the future of the business. The critics have demonstrated their stands concerning the idea. George L Jones for instance argues that the engagement between IFA and ShopSense is valid provided that the clients of ShopSense do not feel the reverberations of the leaked information. Katherine Lemmon argues that the issue in this case is disclosing unintended information to another party. She believes that the consumers are likely to lose the trust they have to the company an aspect that might Influence the overall performance of the ShopSence. In essence, she believes that the decision about disclosing or not disclosing the non intended information would be valid if it would not spark any concerns that would have a negative impacts to the company. Norton and McCallister share the similar information that the scorecard of the ShopSense is the confidence that they have built from their customers. This means that the activity is not only risky, but also attracts ethical concerns. All the critics seem to suggest that the opportunity may not be fruitful at the long run. In all the cases cited, the integrity of the company disclosing this information would

General and Unitised Cargoes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

General and Unitised Cargoes - Essay Example In the other hand a good cargo service coupled with cost effective methods would redound to better business performance. Better cargo handling and stowage can only be achieved with good planning and better execution of plans. To be most successful in designing a cost effective cargo and stowage plan requires basic information crucial in the performance of cargo ships. These include data as to the ships capacity and the storage area's physical parameters. The ships capacity covers both volume and the weight of the total cargo which is an initial input to better planning. Another is the cargo itself. The cargo type including its physical conditions, forms, and other parameters are an important factor in determining storage location and handling methods. The ports of origin and destinations must also be evaluated. The data on ports conditions including availability of basic or sophisticated facilities for cargo handling and regulatory policies must be properly considered. Finally, the ships cargo history from port to port must also be analyzed for better planning. The cargo manager must take into conside ration what cargoes comes in and comes out in the ship from port to port including the types and volumes of these cargoes. Wilson and Roach (2000) clearly considers suitable placement of containers in a container-ship on a multi-port journey as a requirement to facilitate optimum ease in loading and unloading at subsequent ports. The Cargo Placement and Stowage Plan The aforementioned data combined together will be a very important tool in deciding what handling methods must be employed, where to place the cargoes, who must be involved, and how the stowing must be executed. Cargo placement In placing cargoes, the basic principle of what must come out first at destination port must comes in last at ports of origin must be considered. A carefully evaluated cargo listing will provide better cargo placement plan. Cargoes that must be unloaded in the nearest port must be located in areas where they can be moved without obstructions. Cargoes intended for last port of destination must be placed in more secure locations where they cannot obstruct loading and unloading at intermediary ports. Cargoes must also be placed according to physical and chemical compositions to avoid dangers of contaminations due to spillage and other accidents. Cargo managers today are more fortunate than earlier years due to availability of computerized systems of cargo placement planning. Simulation programs that generate good sub-optimal solutions to the stowage pre-planning problem are now available. The process is an analysis of the domain allowing the problem to be divided into a generalized placement strategy and a specialized placement procedure. The system refines the arrangement of containers within the cargo-space of a container ship until each container is specifically allocated to a stowage location. Better cargo placements is determined before it is really executed thereby providing room for better adjustment in a cost effective way (Wilson, Roach, & Ware, 2001). Use of these

Mentoring students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mentoring students - Essay Example In 4 years, 43% of majority students earned bachelor degrees, and 47.3% of them earned bachelor degrees in 9 years (Grayson, 2004;). This national data provide ample evidence of limited gains and significant losses in the enrollment figures of African-American students in institutions of higher learning. These trends, evident over at least the last 15 years, plague institutions and persist despite recruitment and retention initiatives, as well as government-supported programs and legislative actions. This trend .is a clear imperative to colleges and universities to prioritize a commitment to diversity and to reexamine existing retention practices and programs. Tinto (2000) conceptualized retention as an interactional process between student and institution characteristics. When student and institution characteristics do not mesh, students experience isolation, have difficulty identifying and feeling part of the institution, and are more likely to withdraw. Academically successful students, who persist through graduation, have been found to successfully integrate into the academic and social culture of the institution they attend (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2001, 2002). This integration process increases student satisfaction with the institution, creates a sense of belonging at the institution, and creates a stronger commitment to the institution's educational goals and standards, leading to an increased involvement with learning (Levin & Levin, 2000). This integration process is difficult for African-American students, especially at predominately White institutions (Grayson, 2004; Mayo, Murguia, & Padilla, 2001; Sedlacek, 2002). Oftentimes, African-American students at predominately White institutions feel they are in a foreign land and experience predominately White institutions as foreign colleges with alien cultures and communities (Tinto, 2000). Over the past 40 years, students' characteristics have changed from White upper-or middle-class, academically skilled backgrounds to a complicated mix of socioeconomic, cultural, and academic-preparation backgrounds. Predominately White institutions often are unaware of the social, academic, and cultural needs of African-American students and of the barriers these students face in completing their 4-year degree. All too often, these institutions continue business as usual without addressing these needs and barriers (Phillip, 2000). It is not uncommon for African-American students in these environments to feel isolated, to question their academic ability, to experience inferiority feelings, and to question their self-worth. They also often experience disrespect, lower expectations, and pressure from peers not to perform well academically. Because of these experiences, African-American students often have difficulty communicating with the majority students, faculty, and staff at predom inately White institutions and experience the negative effects of racism and other forms of discrimination (Belluck, 1999; Morgan, 2000, 2003; Phillip, 2000; Sedlacek, 2002; Walters, 2003). They become separated from the mainstream social and academic cultures on White campuses and become isolated and alienated from the institution (Phillip, 2000; Suen, 2000). Without what has been described as a "critical mass" (a large number of African-American students to create supportive minority subcultures on campus) or a strong

Federal Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Policy - Essay Example They often use emergency services because of the active act existing in the Labor act of 1986 that allows them to use emergency medical treatment. It has been noted that many undocumented immigrants are overrunning medical institutions because they are unable to pay their hospital bills. Healthcare end up uncompensated and this end up creating a threat to the viability of the hospital financially crippling its ability to provide care to other patients (Derose, Bahney, Lurie, & Escarce, 2009). The illegal immigrants create a burden to the United States economics in healthcare sector. The question remains whether it is an ethical and a moral responsibility for the United States government to the people regardless of whether they are legal citizens or illegal citizens. As this debate surrounding the issue of immigration continues being one of the major issues on the discussion, it is challenging to measure it. These concerns will make individuals examine the issue keenly and closely so that potential solutions can be identified. A possible solution that can be put forth to illegal immigration is Amnesty. Amnesty will allow any undocumented individuals to remain within the United States without any penalty. This solution will aim at providing green cards for all immigrants who are in the United States so that they can also play a role in building the country in different ways mostly economically. Derose, K. P., Bahney, B. W., Lurie, N., & Escarce, J. J. (2009). Review: Immigrants and Health Care Access, Quality, and Cost. Medical Care Research and Review, 66, 355–408.

Prokaryotuc and eukarytotic cell & endocrine and exocine glands Essay - 1

Prokaryotuc and eukarytotic cell & endocrine and exocine glands - Essay Example Prokaryotic cells only have a plasma membrane while eukaryotic cells have organelles with membranes such as nuclear membrane (Campbell and Farrell 15). No nucleus is present in prokaryotic cells but there is a nuclear region with the help of which, the cell takes all its controlling directions. In addition, prokaryotes also have a single molecule of DNA that is circular in shape. Nucleus is the most important and unique part of eukaryotic cells and maximum DNA of the cell is present in the nucleus and multiple molecules are present (Campbell and Farrell 16). In prokaryotes, DNA is located in the nuclear region that does not have any membrane while in eukaryotes, DNA is enclosed in Nucleus covered by nuclear envelope (Black 80). Cell division in prokaryotic cells takes place through binary fission while in eukaryotic cells, reproduction is with the processes of mitosis and meiosis. In prokaryotic cells, only asexual reproduction takes place while in eukaryotic cells, asexual as well as sexual reproduction take place (Black 80). Prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes can be autotrophic (generating food themselves) as well as heterotrophic (getting food from other sources). Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria while plants and animals can be taken as examples of eukaryotes. Human body contains a system called endocrine system containing glands responsible for discharging their secretions. Endocrine glands are responsible for discharging their secretions within the body while exocrine glands secrete on the body surface. Endocrine glands secrete internally while exocrine glands secrete externally. The secretions that are secreted by the glands are the hormones (Clark 229). Exocrine glands secrete with the support of ducts while in endocrine glands, no distinct ducts are present for transferring secretions due to which, endocrine glands secrete

Critical Analysis of the US Electoral College Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis of the US Electoral College Essay Electoral College is a term that refers to a selected group of representatives who perform the task of electing candidates for particular powerful offices such as presidents or church leaders. The selection process of electing candidates usually involves participants from different and competing political or religious entities. In the recent past, the Electoral College has been conspicuously practiced in electing the President of the United Stats and the Pope of the Catholic Church. It is the US Electoral College that has particularly drawn much concern as to its effectiveness and reliability in electing the president of the federal republic. This essay identifies some of the problems associated with the Electoral College and analyses the implications of the suggested modifications and alternatives. Analysis of the US Electoral College In the United States, the Electoral College system is used to elect the President from competing candidates from either the Republican Party, the Democratic Party of independent candidates. See more: how to write an analysis Rather than elect a president and a vice-president directly through national elections, the US conducts separate elections in all its 51 states during which the winner in each state is allocated the number of electoral votes proportional to the total representation of the state in Congress which has a total of 538 electoral voters. The winner of the presidential contests is expected to win a total of 270 votes of the Electoral College. Although the design of the Electoral College was clever and well intentioned, the system is susceptible to inherent flaws, some of which were resolved by constitutional amendments while others remain unresolved to date (Miller, 2008). Indeed, as Miller (2008) noted, the selection system established by the Electoral College has at its core the objective to foster fairness in the election of candidates in non-partisan environment, the motive was rendered irrelevant with the formation of competing political parties to compete in the selection process for the presidency. There is no doubt that the Electoral College system presents many challenges and problems to the fairness of the Presidential election in the US which include the problem of election reversal, problems with the voting power, partisan biasness, excessive focus on battleground states and the likelihood of pledge violations. One obvious problem that emerges from the Electoral College system is that the results of adding up the total electoral votes in the states may end up being different from adding up the total popular votes in all those states. Miller (2008) identifies the situation of the 2000 elections where the eventual winner, George W. had more electoral votes but less popular vote than the loser, Albert Gore. Moreover, in the event that there emerges a serious third party contestant, then it would be impossible for any candidate to garner the mandatory 270 electoral votes. According to the US constitution, the emergence of such an eventuality would require that the election process be taken to the Congress where voting should be conducted repeatedly until a victor emerges. Whereas there are concerns if the Electoral College represents adequate allocation of voting powers to all the states, there are also concerns as two whether the bipartisanship of the two-party system in the US is likely to represent non-partisan election of the president. Moreover, the focus of the Electoral College on the battleground states attracts disproportionate attention from parties and their candidates, effectively raising questions on the voting powers of the other states. Conclusion Some of the suggested proposals suggested include: (1) amending the constitution to empower the American with the constitutional rights to directly elect the president through a popular vote; (2) apportionment of the electoral votes fractionally according to the population of states so as to eliminate the problem of election reversal; and (3) equal apportionment of the electoral votes to all states to eliminate the problem of state voting powers. The proposal to amend the constitution so as to give American the constitutional rights to directly elect the president stands out as the most superior suggestion because it will eliminate all the problems and challenges associated with the Electoral College. References Miller, N. R. (2008). The US electoral college: Origins, transformation, problems and prospects. UMBC, retrieved on 22 May 2009 from: http://userpages. umbc. edu/~nmiller/RESEARCH/ELECTCOL. CONSTDAY. ppt.

Discussing Roles And Responsibilities Of Newly Qualified Nurse Nursing Essay

Discussing Roles And Responsibilities Of Newly Qualified Nurse Nursing Essay The aim of this essay is to explore and discuss important aspects of the roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse. It will discuss an overview of different type of roles and responsibilities including transition. The roles and responsibilities of a qualified nurse include essential professional skills such as leading in care management and care delivery situations as well as maintaining standards of care. The focus of the essay will be on two chosen roles of newly qualified nurses (delegation and patient group direction). It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. It will also discuss the rational of chosen roles A new qualified nurse expected to be competent to work in all environments and situations. This emerging health care system requires a registered Nurse workforce at all levels post initial registration capable of critical reflective thinking in order to create this system. With registration comes a shift in professional accountability together with wider clinical management and teaching responsibilities. On becoming a qualified nurse, the expectations and dynamics of relationships changes fundamentally. Suddenly the newly qualified nurse is the one who must know the answer whether it is a query from a patient, a career, a work colleague or a student. The newly qualified nurse will encounter many challenging situations where she or he must lead care delivery. This includes dealing with care management within the team, dealing with patients/service users, dealing with other professionals, and dealing with the required needs of the whole workplace environment. The NMC requires a student nurse to demonstrate professional and ethical practice, be competent in care delivery and care management and show personal and professional development in order to join the register NMC (2010). It is recognized that nurses should be provided with some form of preceptorship and supervision in their role for a period of four months time NMC (2006)) once qualified. Even in this period of preceptorship, there are new expectations and challenges faced by the newly qualified nurse. Mooney (2007) found that newly qualified nurses were faced with assumptions from others that they should know everything. This was also a high expectation they had of themselves. In meeting the NMC standards of proficiency the nurse should have demonstrated the relevant knowledge and skills in order to practise in their career. However, it is important to recognise that not every nurse knows everything about everything in their career especially if they are practising in highly specialized fields. What they need is to be able to develop and adapt to changing situations. Therefore, for the nurse it is impossible to know everything but they should have developed the skills to find out relevant information, reflect on it, and apply this to their practice. In essence they should have learned how to learn. There is a great deal to be learned once qualified, especially related to a nurses new area of work and a good deal of the development needs to take place on the job. The study by Jackson. K (2005) suggested that a successful transition requires the nurse to develop a self-image relevant to the change in status to be able to do the job and that they meet the expectations with others with appropriate support. Mooney (2007) also points out that the duties faced by most newly qualified nurses were not patient contact centred. There were a lot of duties related to contacting and dealing with other professionals and services. These brought anxieties related to the responsibilities that might be faced as the nurses would become increasingly senior in their roles with others expecting them to provide the actions and the answers in complex situations. This highlights how the experience of nursing of transition from student to newly qualified nurse can be daunting. In the current environment there is an expectation that nurses have a preceptor one qualifying for aid in these transitions but the literature still suggests there is a difficulty in the transit ion process for such professionals. Hole. J, (2009) found that individual accountability, delegating duties without appearing bossy and some challenging clinical situations such as death and dying and specialised technological roles were found to be stressful by qualifying nurses. Issues of the preceptorship of newly qualified nurses become apparent and important in dealing with the transition from supervised student to autonomous practitioner. The approach taken throughout the rest of this essay will be to provide a discussion of the main theories, concepts, and issues related to the roles and responsibilities of delegation and PGD for newly qualified nurses. It will discuss the meaning of these concepts and their importance for nurses, and provide some practical contextual examples. The rational of choosing these two roles are because: Firstly delegation is a huge newly qualified nurses concern. According Hole. J, (2005) newly qualified nurses are not capable to delegate tasks to someone else and they end up overloading themselves. This is because an accountability issue or not knowing the staffs well as they is new to the ward. Secondly, it is a legal requirement that newly qualified nurses need to have knowledge of PGDs in order to work within legal and ethical frameworks that underpin safe and effective medicines management NMC (2010). For this reason, I personally was interested and picked them to discuss in order to develop my understanding and prepare me to successfully make the transition from student nurse to a registered professional. Delegation is the process by which responsibility and authority for performing a task is transferred to another individual who accepts that authority and responsibility. Although the delegator remains accountable for the task, the delegate is also accountable to the delegator for the responsibilities assumed. Delegation can help others to develop or enhance their skills, promotes teamwork and improves productivity Sollivan.E.J et al (2009). Therefore, delegation is the area where newly qualified staff experience huge difficulties. Often they do not feel confident enough to ask someone else to do something for them. Consequently, they try to do all of the work themselves and end up leaving late or providing less than adequate standards of care. Other members of staff will not mind if they delegate tasks to them, as long as they apply the basic rules such as ensuring that it is something they are competent to do. When delegating, the delegator remain responsible for that care if he/she do not delegate appropriately as stated by NMC (2008). It is also important that the delegator explained clearly what it is he/she want them to do and why because he/she might genuinely busy or is it just something that he/she does not want to do. Hole.J, (2005) explained that As long as he/she asks the other member of staff in a courteous manner and stick to the rules, there will be few problems. However, there may always be someone who has the potential to react in a negative way to his/her request. These people are often known for this type of behaviour and it should be dealt with swiftly by their manager. This type of reaction experience should be discussed with the member of staff or if he/she not feels confident enough to do this, he/she should talk to the manager. As mention above this will be a difficult skill for a newly qualified nurse especially at first. They will need to get to know the other staff before they will feel truly comfortable delegating to others in the team. They may feel guilty about asking others to do tasks which they feel that they should be doing themselves. What they need to realise is that they cannot possibly do everything themselves and that they will need to work as a team in order to deliver good patient care. The new qualified nurses may well feel that they cannot ask others especially HCAs who have worked on the ward for years to do things for them. The nurse will probably feel self-conscious and embarrassed. The answer is that it is not what the nurse asks them to do that are important. It is how he/she asks them. Good communication is the key to successful delegation. The nurse should take a few minutes to discuss with the HCA/student with whom he/she is working who will be doing what during that shift. Share the workload and be realistic. Therefore the newly qualified nurses must not overload themselves with care they do not really think they can give. The member of staff would rather know what their workload is at the beginning of the shift so that they can organise their time effectively. If the delegator has to ask them to take on extra work during the shift, they will find this difficult. So the delegator should keep communicating with them during the shift, and if he/she is held up with relatives or an acutely ill patient, he/she should tell them and explain that he/she will try to help them as soon as possible. When the new qualified nurses are delegating, it is important to ensure that this is appropriate as it is their responsibility to ensure that the member of staff to whom they delegate is competent to perform the task. This means that if they delegate a task to a member of staff who is not competent and they perform the task wrongly, they are accountable for the harm caused to the patient. Although the member of staff responsible, they remain accountable. For example, they cannot assume that the HCA/student with whom they are working is competent in the skill of measuring and recording a patients blood pressure. Just because the member of staff has worked on that ward for a period of time, this does not mean that they have been taught correctly. They must assess their competence to perform the task before they allow them to do this independently. They can then justify their delegation of that skill if necessary. Patient Group Direction (PGD) is a written instruction for the supply and/or administration of a licensed medicine (medicines) in an identified clinical situation signed by a doctor or a dentist and pharmacist. It applies to a group of patients who may not be individually identified before presenting for treatment NPC (2009), page 11. In simple terms, a PGD is the supply and/or administration of a specified medicine or medicines by named authorised health professionals for a group of patients requiring treatment for the condition described in the PGD. The health professional must be registered. Implementing PGDs may be appropriate both in circumstances where groups of patients may not have been previously identified for example, minor injuries and first contact services and in services where assessment and treatment follows a clearly predictable pattern such as immunisation, family planning and so on. Professionals using a PGD must be registered or equivalent members of their profession and act within their appropriate code of professional conduct. This differs from supplementary prescribers and independent prescribers who must also successfully complete specific prescribing training and be appropriately registered before they may prescribe. However, organisations using PGDs must designate an appropriate person within the organisation. For example, a clinical supervisor, line manager or General Practitioner to ensure that only fully competent, qualified and trained healthcare professionals use PGDs. Individual practitioners using a PGD must be named A Patient Group Direction allows specified registered healthcare professionals to supply or administer a medicine directly to a patient with an identified clinical condition without him/her necessarily seeing a prescriber. So, patients may present directly to health care professionals using PGDs in their services without seeing a doctor. Alternatively, the patient may have been referred by a doctor to another service. Whichever way the patient presents, the healthcare professional working within the PGD is responsible for assessing that the patient fits the criteria set out in the PGD. In general, a PGD is not meant to be a long-term means of managing a patients clinical condition. This is best achieved by a health care professional prescribing for an individual patient on a one-to-one basis. Before a healthcare professional can use a PGD, he/she must be named and have signed the PGD documentation. This generally takes the form of signatures and names on a list or individual forms that are attached to the PGD itself or held by the service or organisation. Employees of NHS organisations authorising a PGD generally have indemnity attached to their status as an employee. This may also apply to non-NHS organisations. However, the organisations and employees involved should always check that this is the case. If the professional is not directly employed by the organisation, he/she still needs to be assessed as competent to use the PGD and must have his/her own relevant professional indemnity or insurance. These issues have implications for service delivery when new staff begins, or agency staff are covering services. They may not be able to work under a PGD immediately or may be excluded because of their employment status. Service managers need to be aware of these issues and plan service delivery to accommodate them. The use of PGDs is widespread throughout the NHS and since April 2003, some non-NHS organisations have been able to use them suggested by NPC (2009). Organisations must ensure that staff responsible for the development / implementation of PGDs and those authorised to work under PGDs have the experience, knowledge and skills necessary to do so. Unlike supplementary prescribers, nurse independent prescribers and healthcare professionals using PGDs do not have to become specifically qualified to do so. But they must be assessed by their organisations as fully competent, qualified and trained to operate within a PGD. A suitably competent and experienced healthcare professional who will be working under the PGD should be involved in the writing of the PGD, to ensure that the PGD meets the needs of the service. The role by RCN (2004) proposes that the registered nurse must be assessed as competent in medicines administration, Must be trained to operate within a PGDMust follow the 6 Rs of medicines administration Usually need to be qualified for at least 6 months Must assess the patient to ensure they fit the criteria as detailed in the PGD Must ensure the PGD meets the necessary legal requirements Cannot delegate the supplying/dispensing or administration stage to another registered nurse or student nurse. There is no specific national training for healthcare professionals producing PGDs The newly qualified nurses are not expected to be able to operate under a PGD until competent in medicines administration. However, they need to have knowledge of PGDs for their patient safety. For example, if patient under PGD admitted to the ward, the nurse must ensure that the medicines not stopped. The NMC (2010) code of conduct outline that newly qualified nurses to be fully understood all methods of supplying medicines. This includes Medicines Act exemptions, patient group directions (PGDs), clinical management plans and other forms of prescribing. They are expected to demonstrate knowledge and application of the principles required for safe and effective supply and administration via a patient group direction including an understanding of role and accountability. And also demonstrate how to supply and administer via a patient group direction. The newly qualified nurses may be involved with PGDs such as assisting and identifying areas where a PGD would offer more benefits than a PSD, understand the principles and processes of PGDs and be fully conversant with all the principles associated with dispensing and administering medicines they may also be working in a variety of settings where PGDs are used for example prison health care setting, nurse led service, walk in centres In my conclusion, I have learnt the roles and responsibilities of newly qualified nurses and I have developed skills and professional knowledge to work effectively with others. The NMC (2010) code of conduct helped me how the laws and policies are set up to ensure safe and effective delivery of care given to service users under a patient group direction. I am now prepared for the challenges I will face on being a newly qualified nurse by providing the knowledge and skills required to become effective and accountable practitioners. Clinical decisions will still have to be made in relation to meeting the needs of the people within my care. However, becoming a qualified nurse brings with its wider responsibilities in making and taking decisions related to the nursing team, other staff, and the work environment as a whole. These changes require a large shift from the experience of being a student and a mentored supervised learner, so it is essential that I am equipped with all the skills required to successfully make the transition.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Building Restoration

Advantages and Disadvantages of Building Restoration Using examples explore the advantages and disadvantages of allowing redevelopment and reconstruction of historic buildings. For the purposes of this discussion it is primarily important to determine what is meant by historic and to rationalize the terms redevelopment and reconstruction. The terms will be used in the context of preserving and conserving buildings. This includes maintaining their predominant features and characteristics, whilst enhancing new features in keeping with the style and building constraints relating to traditional use of materials and resources. According to English Heritage buildings exist across the UK that span over a thousand years. They also work with the Department of Culture, Media and Sport and local authorities to allocate buildings such as these according to their criteria for listing or categorizing for the purposes of their historic importance. These are identified using the following criteria: Those having architectural interest: buildings which are nationally important for the interest of their architectural design, decoration and craftsmanship; also important examples of particular building types and techniques. Those deemed of historic interest: this includes buildings which illustrate important aspects of the nations social, economic, cultural or military history. A variety of places that have a close historical association with nationally important buildings or events. Places which have group value, especially where buildings are part of an important architectural or historic group or are a fine example of planning (such as squares, terraces and model villages) [1] English Heritage define historic in relation to a number of factors. All buildings constructed before 1700 are automatically listed. Similarly this is the case with most properties up to 1840. A number of post 1945 buildings are also included in these terms. A comprehensive breakdown of listed buildings statistics across the UK is illustrated below: 38% are domestic dwellings 15% date from before 1600 nearly 20% date from the 17th century 31% from the 18th century 32% from the 19th century 3% from 1900-1944 0.2% from 1945 or later[2] Introducing conventional features can have negative consequences on properties such as those defined above. Not only for cosmetic or domestic purposes but also in relation to implementing safety measures into a property. and accessibility by way of lifts and hand rails etc for the benefit of people with disabilities. There is also a trend for interpreting properties of historical interest into entertainment or ‘edutainment’ orientated experiences which can be argued devalues the historic importance and often encourages historical inaccuracy from the learning perspective. The final consideration to be made in relation to this essay question is the notion of whether old buildings should remain preserved exactly as they are without any enhancement, improvements, additions or restorations. That they should reflect the period they were constructed in and be immortalized as a historical or scientific study. This paper will seek to exemplify many of these issues relating to the redevelopment and reconstruction of historic buildings which covers a broad argument for discussion. The English Tourist Board published a paper in 1991 entitled ‘Maintaining the Balance’ which proposed new schemes designed to ensure that historic town environments worked in sync with their communities whilst providing the visitor with a traditional experience. Visitor Management Plans were adopted and Town Centre Managers were recruited as means of taking these initiatives forward. The conservation and preservation of built heritage often involves maintaining tight restrictions and limited planning opportunities which is not conducive to new housing projects or business opportunities which could generate enterprise and economic benefits. Instead many of the UK’s classified historic towns remain stagnant and non progressive.[3] Similarly there are currently plans to renovate and restore the city centre of Amsterdam in keeping with its cultural heritage. The city centre is divided by two groups of residents. One enjoys the aesthetic benefits of living in this area , while the second are simply living centrally for the purposes of work and being close to amenities. This second group is unconcerned with the historical importance of the city and is not prepared to invest in maintaining or developing it as such. Often when areas such as this are under preservation orders high costs are incurred for maintenance and renovation in the style accustomed to the period. This in turn raises the rents of properties which become too high for existing residents to afford, eventually forcing them out of their homes, as is feared in Amsterdam.[4] When considering the practical aspects of individual houses, when a building is disassembled or exposed for the purposes of renovation or reconstruction, a great many vital elements which are original to its heritage can be lost. This might include clay or lime mortars used in between joist, foundations and chimney linings. Wooden frames held together by pegs can fracture if disengaged and it is crucial that that high levels of carpentry skills and traditional craftsmanship techniques are applied when rebuilding and renovating buildings.[5] There are an abundance of sites, Museums and stately homes which are testaments to ‘living history’ and function for the benefit of the public across the world today. Colonial Williamsburg and the Historic Charleston Foundation in the United States, Slave Forts in Africa and Weald and Downland Open Air Museum in the UK to name a few. They all encourage the preservation of old buildings. With this redevelopment comes the opportunity of numerous availability of grants and Heritage Lottery funding to help with this process. They enable people to remain aware of what is important historically and that reflects the lives and communities from which we all originate. People managing these processes need the necessary expertise with which to achieve these renovations and reconstructions. Acquiring documentation of age is essential as is being true to the period in which it was built architecturally. Architectural historians in the United States for example have divided buildings into around half a dozen significant periods of half a century each. These phases are then sub-divided into over-lapping periods. Even then not all of these categories are universally recognized.[6] This suggests reason enough for ensuring that each building selected for re-development is accurately assessed and renovated accordingly and appropriately. It is important also to remember that this is not a new phenomenon. In 1877 the painter and writer William Morris wrote a manifesto against the proposed restoration of Tewkesbury Abbey. During this and subsequent periods architects considered restoration to be about changing a building for the purposes of altering it to reflect its key historical importance. For example during the late nineteenth century many Anglo-Saxon churches in the UK were ‘restored’ into Gothic interpretations. This was a reflection of people’s attitudes then surrounding medieval masons, who were deemed uninitiated into religion. Consequentl y the Gothic form and design purported to purist representations and was in essence closer to God.[7] It is important then to remember that when renovating buildings they do not become exploited for the benefit of contemporary tastes and trends. It can be argued that many of these ‘living history’ experiences have become just that and are able to be devalued very easily. Accuracy based on the facts available to the architects is what should remain of paramount importance when reconstructing any historic building. One of the most exceptional examples of reconstruction to be seen today is with the city of Warsaw in Poland. During the Second World War over 85% of the city centre was destroyed. A huge campaign and total restoration took place over a number of years. The results of which stand today including replica churches, palaces and a market places all sensitively and historically representative of a history which spans some eight hundred years in its reconstruction. [8] On the other hand reconstruction is never going to be entirely accurate in some instances and it is these examples that encourage debate. Take for example the tourist reconstruction site at Mount Vernon in Washington where the coach house, slave quarters/ greenhouse and ‘stercorary’ have all been restored following fire damage that occurred in the mid nineteenth century. Some of which was based on documents and reminiscence accounts from past generations. Parts of the stercorary were rebuilt in 2001 incorporating the original cobbled stones and brickwork uncovered by archaeologists with research sourcing a drawing from 1807 which provided structural accuracy to be maintained. However when builders came to reconstruct the blacksmiths shop the old plantation ledgers illustrated detailed records pertaining to its location and activities. Whilst other archives provided details relating to the working blacksmiths themselves. Nonetheless contradictions began to appear relating to the shop’s exact location and its appearance during the year 1799. This contention has raged for over fifty years and has raised all the issues regarding physical reconstruction and the amount of evidence that is required in order to support the justification for re-building the property without sufficient authenticity.[9] Another similar example of this where reconstruction has been curtailed is with the handling of Franklin Court in Philadelphia, the residencies of the former President Benjamin Franklin. During the 1970’s an extensive programme of research both archaeological and archival was carried out on the assumption that the house and grounds would be renovated and fully furnished into an interpretative museum. But the research revealed little evidence of any pictures or drawings of what the house had actually looked like. Consequently no reconstruction took place other than the outbuildings and grounds which had retained more documented evidence. Proving that accuracy is reassuringly not always taken for granted in this type of work. Future functional requirements of a building are also aspects of development to consider within a historic building, as the law now governs that public buildings need to comply with the DDA (Disability Discrimination Act) by ensuring they have accessible routes both internal and external as well as ramps, lifts and toilets where necessary. This legislative requirement has had an impact on the way in which many historic buildings have had to alter their environment, which is of course an enormous and necessary benefit for people with a disability; although it remains one more area of concern where public renovations and redevelopments are taking place. The most heated debate in terms of redevelopment of historic buildings is of course a matter of architectural and archaeological appreciation. Some sites are considered simply not available to be rebuilt. Sites such as Pompeii for example or the Pyramids of Egypt. They are revered as preserved examples of the past, museums in their own right. They consist of ruins which are fragile and vulnerable. If these ruins become too fragile or it becomes impossible to maintain them then it is understandable that some sort of structure may have to be built around them. This may of course eventually decrease the visual enjoyment of a historical building which is why so many sites of importance are now being re-built. Such historical monuments are now able to be reconstructed far more easily by way of digitization. Several digital projects of this type exist for educational purposes and are becoming more widespread. In addition many historic houses like the Queens House in Greenwich, London provi de significant 3D models that demonstrate the different architectural development of the construction and alterations over time. [10]Technology has become so precise and truthful in its interpretations that this may prevail as the preferred method of reconstruction and development in the future. Many historic buildings get demolished just because they are old, so the modern appreciation for rebuilding and conserving these properties are essential to maintaining the cultural heritage of nations throughout the world. However it is important that the historic environment from which they have descended is fully understood. The right skills, techniques and materials from an archaeological perspective are fundamental to ensuring this process is achieved accurately and sensitively. Bibliography Deben, L, Salet, W (2004) Cultural heritage and the future of the historic inner city of Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis Smith, M.K, Robinson, and S.M (2006) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (re)presentation: Channel View Publications Paravalos, P (2006) Moving a House with Preservation in Mind: Rowman Altamira Nash, G (2003) Renovating Old Houses: Bringing New Life to Vintage Homes: Taunton Press Sickles-Taves, L (1999) The Use of and Need for Preservation Standards in Architectural Conservation: ASTM International Jameson, J.H (2004) The Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History: Rowman Altamira Fitch, J.M (1990) Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management of the Built World: University of Virginia Press, 1990 Sourced from: http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/warsaw.html, Date accessed, 20/11/08 Sourced from: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/visit/scenic-attractions/architecture-and-views/greenwich-architecture-and-views, Date accessed, 20/11/08 [1] Sourced from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1373, Date accessed, 19/11/08 [2] Sourced from: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.1373, Date accessed, 19/11/08 [3] Smith,M.K, Robinson,S.M (2006:292) Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Participation and (re)presentation: Channel View Publications [4] Deben,L,Salet,W (2004:247-248) Cultural heritage and the future of the historic inner city of Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis [5] Paravalos,P (2006: 62-63) Moving a House with Preservation in Mind: Rowman Altamira [6] Nash,G (2003:21) Renovating Old Houses: Bringing New Life to Vintage Homes: Taunton Press [7] Sickles-Taves,L (1999: 14) The Use of and Need for Preservation Standards in Architectural Conservation: ASTM International [8] Sourced from: http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/warsaw.html, Date accessed, 20/11/08 [9] Jameson,J.H (2004: 80) The Reconstructed Past: Reconstructions in the Public Interpretation of Archaeology and History: Rowman Altamira [10] Sourced from: http://www.nmm.ac.uk/visit/scenic-attractions/architecture-and-views/greenwich-architecture-and-views, Date accessed, 20/11/08

Oppression (native Son) :: essays research papers

Oppression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel Native Son written by Richard Wright a young adult named Bigger Thomas goes through a metamorphosis, from sanity to insanity. He starts out a normal trouble youth, living in a run down housing project, where all he does is hang out with his gang. But the city relief program gives him an opportunity to work and make something of himself. All he has to do is chauffeur for a very rich family. But on his first job everything goes wrong and he ends up murdering the family’s daughter. Through this novel Bigger meets many other people, which have the same oppression as him but handle it in different ways. Some of these people include his mother, his girlfriend, and Max his lawyer. All of these people have a certain amount of oppression given to them by the outside world. The only difference is the way each one of them handle it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since Bigger was a little boy he has felt very oppressed by the world because he was black. Bigger feels that he has nothing to be proud of so he takes this oppression to the heart and turns it into fear. The only way that he could express himself was to show the world that they should not oppress what they don’t know the power of. Bigger demonstrated that he should be feared and acknowledged by murdering the daughter of a very rich family. At one point after Bigger killed the daughter stated that “...for the first time in my fear-ridden life a barrier of protection between him and a world of fear.';(p. 119) Bigger feels as though know that he has killed this person that all will be well because of this new sense of power that he received from doing this horrible act. At this point Bigger feels assured that he could fool the world into thinking that he was normal. He started referring to all the people around him as blind, even when they where alr eady physically blind; “Ms. Dalton was blind; yes blind in more ways than one';(p. 120) but in his own mind he no longer felt the oppression or fear after he killed the Daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next most oppressed person is Bigger’s mother. She can not get a job because she is black and is of the female gender. So the world has oppressed her into poverty and the only way that she can respond to this oppression is to pray and worship the lord. Oppression (native Son) :: essays research papers Oppression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel Native Son written by Richard Wright a young adult named Bigger Thomas goes through a metamorphosis, from sanity to insanity. He starts out a normal trouble youth, living in a run down housing project, where all he does is hang out with his gang. But the city relief program gives him an opportunity to work and make something of himself. All he has to do is chauffeur for a very rich family. But on his first job everything goes wrong and he ends up murdering the family’s daughter. Through this novel Bigger meets many other people, which have the same oppression as him but handle it in different ways. Some of these people include his mother, his girlfriend, and Max his lawyer. All of these people have a certain amount of oppression given to them by the outside world. The only difference is the way each one of them handle it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since Bigger was a little boy he has felt very oppressed by the world because he was black. Bigger feels that he has nothing to be proud of so he takes this oppression to the heart and turns it into fear. The only way that he could express himself was to show the world that they should not oppress what they don’t know the power of. Bigger demonstrated that he should be feared and acknowledged by murdering the daughter of a very rich family. At one point after Bigger killed the daughter stated that “...for the first time in my fear-ridden life a barrier of protection between him and a world of fear.';(p. 119) Bigger feels as though know that he has killed this person that all will be well because of this new sense of power that he received from doing this horrible act. At this point Bigger feels assured that he could fool the world into thinking that he was normal. He started referring to all the people around him as blind, even when they where alr eady physically blind; “Ms. Dalton was blind; yes blind in more ways than one';(p. 120) but in his own mind he no longer felt the oppression or fear after he killed the Daughter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next most oppressed person is Bigger’s mother. She can not get a job because she is black and is of the female gender. So the world has oppressed her into poverty and the only way that she can respond to this oppression is to pray and worship the lord.

Automobiles Essay -- Essays Papers Cars Driving Environment

Automobiles The invention of the automobile in the early 20th century has had an adverse affect on our environment. Our society has used technology in order to advance the automobile to make it better and more efficient. The automobile industry knows what sells and they take advantage of that. With this growing technology to advance automobiles also comes flaws. The biggest and most obvious flaw is pollution. Because of pollution, we find ourselves asking the question of whether this technology has helped our society more than it has hurt it. Automobiles are the cause of 60 percent of our air pollution today (Dewees 214). There are four main sources in which pollution comes from an automobile. The first, on a hot day the sun will heat the gas tank of the car, this in turn causes vapors from the gasoline to leak from the fuel tank. Second, when the car is simply running the engine becomes hot and causes the engine and exhaust system to release gasoline vapors. Third, after a car is turned off and parked, gasoline vapors continue to be emitted because the engine is still hot from running. And lastly, when you go to the gas station to refill your gas tank vapors are forced out of the tank into the air. Before we look at some alternative process' to help reduce or eliminate automobile pollution, we should try to understand how this occurs. This form of pollution is a direct result of the combustion process, also known as exhaust, and from fuel being evaporated into the atmosphere. The next step is to get a better understanding of the combustion process. The gasoline that we use to put into our cars are made of a mixture of hydrocarbons, hydrogen and carbon atoms. When we put the gasoline into our car, what is supposed ... ...s, an alternative solution needs to be made. We need to stop looking at cost efficiency in this matter and decide what is more important, a healthy world to live in or a cheap way to drive. WORKS CITED "Alternatively Fueled Vehicles." Environmental Health Center. http://www.nsc.org/EHC/mobile/alternat.htm (10 Oct.2000). "Automobile Emissions: An Overview." http://www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/05-autos.htm (10 Oct.2000). "Car Exhaust-Health Effects." Enviromned. Research. http://www.nutramed.com/environment/carsepa.htm (12 Oct.2000). "City Life: Fixing the Car." Crawford Systems. http://www.carfree.com/lif_fxcar_qz.html (8 Oct.2000) "Exhaustion: A guide to Transportation Emissions." Environment Canada. http://www.ec.gc.ca/emission/l-le.html (14 Oct.2000). "Motor Vehicles and the 1990 Clean Air Act." htpp://www.epa.gov/omswww/11-vehs.htm (15 Oct.2000)

Dell Auditing Essay

Dell’s products Dell’s products can be separated by home and working sections. For personal clients Dell provide personal laptops, desktops, tablets and a sort of accessories. For enterprise and government users, Dell provide office equipment such as PCs, monitors, printers & electronics and Tablets. Workstations and services focus on servers, solutions and software. Dell’s competitors Competitors of Dell including Lenovo, Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Asus and so on. Dell’s customers Based on the advantages of stability and advanced technology, the main part of the customers of Dell are government, enterprise and different institutions. The other part of Dell’s customer is family and personal users which focus on PCs, laptops and personal data services. Dell’s suppliers Dell’s global strategy made a wide and lengthy supply chain. 95% of its suppliers with including AMD, Hitachi, Microsoft and Samsung has been disclosed on the website http://www.dell.com/learn/us/en/uscorp1/corp-comm/cr-ca-list-suppliers How does Dell market and distribute its products? For personal clients, Dell’s strategy is to customize its products in order to satisfy potential buyers’ requirement. One of the example is the Alienware Gaming PCs, which is designed and manufactured for high standard game player, Dell presented fashion appearance to attract teenagers and powerful performance to fulfill customers who is seeking perfect game experience. Products can be made for different functions and added distinguished accessories. To deal with the large orders from enterprises, government departments and institutions, Dell serves products and services with lower price and higher stability. Under this circumstances, customers will tend to choose Dell’s products constantly and may introduce them to other potential users. What is Dell’s business strategy? Dell is an obviously cost leadership company. Rely on the efficient supply chain, Dell gained superior price advantage. On the tablet and laptop market Dell has to face strong competition from Apple and Samsung but it was still the largest revenue contributor (31% according 10K) because the lower price in 2012. Dell also attempted on Alienware series to enter high performance PC market. Generally, the sources of Dell’s revenue was almost equally provided by enterprise solutions (46%) and services and Personal Client (54%). What are critical business processes for Dell given its basic business strategy? Dell’s cost leadership strategy is mainly supported by its efficient supply chain management. Suppliers for Dell are globally and widely separated in different businesses. Based on the supply system, Dell could ensure lower accessory price and negotiation advantages. Outsource manufacturing and services decreased the inventory and financial risk, which is normally in high technology industry because of product replacement. What accounting information is associated with the critical business processes and how does Dell measure up on that information? Cost of goods sold, inventory, account payable and revenues. What accounting methods does Dell use to report the accounting information associated with critical business processes and what is the risk of material misstatement? Dell uses FIFO to report inventory and revenue is recognized on the moment of shipment. The amount of account receivable is almost half of the current asset which means the highly risk of income statement adjustment. Inventory has been kept in lower level, consider about the return and exchange service, the number of inventory might be misstated either. Professional auditing standards provide guidance on the auditor’s consideration of an entity’s business risks. What is the auditor’s objective for understanding an entity’s business risks? Why does an auditor not have responsibility to identify or assess all business risks? Provide some examples of business risks associated with an entity that an auditor should consider when performing an audit. The purpose of business risks understanding is to offer auditors capability to recognize possible misstatement and make analysis and adjustment. Audit report will be more efficient and reasonable with support of business expertise. Auditors did not participate management process of the company, and sometimes material or highly material information will be presented to auditors. Auditor’s scope may be restricted or independence influence the accuracy of audit report.

Assignment on Online Banking

TERM PAPER ON ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH 1. DEFINITION OF ONLINE BANKING Online banking  is a service offered by banks that allows  account  holders to access their account data via the Internet. In order to take advantage of online banking, an account holder would need to meet several technological requirements, such as having a personal computer with Internet access and web browser. If those conditions are satisfied, online banking can be performed from anywhere in the world.To minimize the risk of fraud, online banking is enabled through a secure server, which grants the individual a private access to his or her  bank  account. Online banking is designed to streamline banking chores that otherwise require considerable time and effort. Thus, online banking facilitates direct access to account details, enables transfer of funds, allows for multiple bills payments, and performs an array other transactions. Online banking is available twenty four hours, seven days a week, regardless of the bank's working hours. Today, most banks offer online banking services. . HOW MANY BANKERS PROVIDE ONLINE BANKING SERVICES IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh Bank Governor Dr Atiur Rahman said 79 percent institutions under the country’s banking sector are providing online service at present. He said, â€Å"37 banks are providing all-out online service, while six are getting preparations to provide online service. Almost 79 percent institutions are under online service now. † Dr Atiur came up with the comment at the inauguration of the 4th International e-banking and Mobile Commerce Conference as the chief guest at a hotel in Dhaka Monday 10th July’2012Science and Information Communication Technology Ministry Secretary Nazrul Islam Khan, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regularity Commission Chairman General (Retd) Zia Ahmed, FBCCI President AK Azad, Chief Marketing Officer of Eco-Bharat Anand Ramanand, Dell Bangladesh’s Country Director Sonia B ashir spoke at the inaugural session. Dr Atiur said, â€Å"23 banks were given the approval of providing online services up to June, 2012. Amongst them, 14 banks have already started the service. † 3. PROSPECT OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH Information technology environment changes rapidly.It is estimated that the number of Internet users in Bangladesh will increase in a recent years. The number of physical branches will be decreased (the profile of physical branches will change to advice and support centers) and most of the transactions will be concluded via main e-banking channels: online Internet bank and m-banking services. Rapid growth of e-banking in Bangladesh is expected. 4. ADVANTAGE OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH What are the three greatest things about the Internet? E-mail, music, and online banking! Whether for the convenience or the control, online banking is an aspect of banking that nobody can resist.Our children will probably laugh when we t ell them people used to actually go to a bank to pay bills. Online banking rocks! Many of the benefits of doing your banking online are obvious: You don't have to wait in line. You don't have to plan your day around the bank's hours. You can look at your balance whenever you want, not just when you get a statement. There are some hidden benefits too. As a young bank customer, you're just learning how to manage your money and observe your spending patterns. Online banking allows you to watch your money on a daily basis if you want to.By keeping close tabs on your funds, you'll always be aware of what's happening in your bank account. For those experienced spenders, this option is far more appealing than the sudden discovery that you're broke! It's also helpful to watch how much interest you're gathering on investments and savings or what service charges you have incurred. What to expect Here are some of the features available through online banking: View balances: Checking your balan ce doesn't require much work. You simply select Account balances and take a look at your balance and past transactions.If you have more than one account, you can also do transfers between accounts. Pay bills: To pay your bills online, you just need to add to your account the names of the companies you wish to pay bills to. In the Pay Bills section, select Add payees, search for the name of the company and fill in the account number for each company. You can also sign up for the E-bills service that sends you a bill by e-mail instead of a printed one by regular mail. Transfer funds: When you select Transfer Funds, you'll be asked where to transfer the money to and from, when, and the amount.Set up recurring bill payments or transfers: If you make a regular payment every month, it might be convenient to set up an automatic withdrawal from your account. Monitor CIBC investments: If you have any CIBC investments, you can keep an eye on those stocks or mutual funds here. Send and receive an INTERAC e-TransferTM2: This could be the end of the birthday cheque! You can receive transfers from other people's accounts, or set up transfers from your account to someone else's. The recipient will get an e-mail notifying them of the transaction.View CIBC VISA* accounts: Always a good place to monitor your spending. You can make your credit card payments online, right from your account. Order cheques: We don't need them much anymore due to online banking and debit purchases, but if you still use cheques, you can order them directly from the CIBC website. Take control Online banking helps you become more of a banker, running your accounts like a small business that you control every day. Once you get started, you'll be hooked. Soon enough you'll be checking your bank account as often as your e-mail. 5. FUNCTIONS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESHOnline banking is the practice of making bank transactions via the Internet. It will give you an excellent opportunity to bypass the time-consuming, paper-based aspects of traditional banking in order to manage your finances more efficiently. By switching to electronic bills, statements, and payments, the average American household can save 6. 6 pounds of paper in one year! And you can catch any fraudulent transactions faster than if you received a statement by snail post. Thanks to innovative technology and the Internet in particular, we no longer have to leave the house to make payments.Online banking is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, so you can do it anytime, anywhere. Online banking allows us to perform various services with the click of a mouse. You can: 1. Pay a bill. Electronic bill payment service allows a depositor to send money from his or her online account to a creditor or merchant, for example to a public utility or a department store. There is no need to stand in a long line on a weekend morning to handle your transactions! The payment is virtually instant, though some financial insti tutions can wait until the next business day to send out the payment.If it is necessary, the bank can generate and mail a paper cheque or banker's draft to a creditor who is not set up to receive electronic payments. 2. Schedule payments in advance. Most banks offer customers the ability to schedule a payment on a specified date. Once the amount is entered and the payee is checked off, the funds are automatically deducted from your online bank account. It is especially useful if you always forget due dates. For example, you can schedule credit card or mortgage payments to make sure that you will not incur late fees and damage your FICO score. 3.Transfer funds. Do you want to send money quickly and securely? With online banking, you can make money transfers between your own accounts, or send money to a third party account. All you need is recipient/payee information and enough funds in your account. Quite often, the operations are performed in real time. 4. Manage all your accounts i n one place. Online banking is a great time saver because it provides an opportunity to handle several bank accounts (checking, savings, CDs, IRAs, etc. ) from one site. Most new accounts you open will be automatically added to online banking. . View images of your checks online. Do you need a copy of a paid check? With online banking, you can view and print scanned images of the front and back of all checks you have written. It is easy and convenient. 6. Apply for a loan or credit card. Having an account online, you can apply for a credit card or a loan (a car loan, a student loan, a mortgage, a home equity loan, etc. ) from the same bank. If you have a good credit score and long relationship history with your bank, your application is likely to be approved. 7. Purchase and manage CD accounts.If you have some amount of money you want to invest, you can purchase a certificate of deposit from your bank. Online banking lets you compare all available offers and their terms, for example APY or maturity periods. When you confirm the purchase, the funds will be automatically deducted from your account. 8. Order traveler's checks. You can order American Express Traveler’s Cheques online. The bank will typically charge your online account for the amount of the cheques you bought and an express delivery fee. 9. Increase your overdraft. Going into the red shouldn't leave you red-faced!You can increase your overdraft online. Log in to online banking and click on ‘Overdraft' in the menu. 10. Order a cheque book. Save yourself at least one trip to the bank by ordering cheque book online. You will need to visit your bank once when you get a confirmation message that your cheque book is ready for collection. 11. View up-to-the-minute account statements and balance. There is no need to wait for the bank statement to arrive in the snail post to check account balances. You can view all transactions and withdrawals every day just by logging in to your online account .In addition, you can immediately notice errors or unauthorized transactions in the statement. 12. View automatically updated spending report. All your purchases are sorted into familiar categories automatically – no receipts to save, no expenses to enter. It is easy to see where your money goes! 13. Track your payment history. Online banking gives you an opportunity to search your payments by transaction type, date, description or amount. When did you last pay Company X? When did you buy your computer? To whom did you make your most recent payment? Your bank knows the answers. 14.Integrate the data with personal finance programs. Online banking lets you import electronic payment data in personal finance software such as Quicken or Microsoft Money. You will be able to access your online accounts directly from your personal finance program. An Internet connection and online account log in information is required. 15. Change contact details. Have you moved to a new house? Chang ed your telephone number? You can log in to your online account and change contact information (e-mail address, telephone number, password, etc. ). It is more secure than to send this information by e-mail. 16.Utilize investment research. You can receive real-time quotes, analytics, news and stock market information to make a more educated decision. 17. Take advantage of online brokerage. Internet banking lets you invest online. You can place and confirm trades 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Most banks provide a wide range of money market instruments from various issuers. 18. Get alerts. This service allows you to receive timely e-mail messages from your bank about any critical changes related to your Internet accounts. For example, you can get alerts when you make a withdrawal or change your contact information. 9. Verify terms and conditions. Did you forget your interest rates or payment due date? You can verify all information about your account online. 20. Chat with your cus tomer assistant department. If you need help, you can send message to your bank’s customer assistant department. They will help you solve your problem. 6. SWOT ANALYSIS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH SWOT Analysis: To find out the viability of a particular product we must perform a SWOT Analysis of the product. This will analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities ,and Threats of the particular product.For analyzing the performance of Internet Banking in Bangladesh we the following SWOT Analysis is considered. Strengths †¢ Internet Banking is new in our market. Only a few banks are now offering internet services in solving banking problems. Most of the banks are offering only accounting information online. Actual fund transfer and fund disbursement is not possible in all the banks that are offering internet services. So this product will enjoy the benefit of a first mover. †¢ It is cheap both for the banks and the customers. The bank will be able to lo wer down the overhead costs and make more profit out of it.Internet banking will require less manual workers. Again the customers will be able to save time as well as money for their transaction needs. †¢ Internet banking is convenient as the service is available all the time at just a click away. Weaknesses: †¢ Security breakdown: The system will have a problem with the identification of the individual who is initiating the transaction. In Bangladesh, the identification of an individual is not yet supported digitally. So there will be a problem in moving to the Internet era for banking purposes just now.First we will have to develop a digital database of the users of the internet banking services. †¢ The transaction can be cancelled only via internet. The internet infrastructure of our country is not that much supportive to provide all time access to the web. So there will be a problem in executing the service with its full functionality. Opportunities: †¢ Non-b ranch banking is becoming popular in our country. Many banks are now offering non-branch banking facilities. A person can withdraw or deposit money in any branch of the bank he has account with. †¢ The internet services are becoming very common to us.So a service offered through the internet will be widely accepted in the near future. Threats : †¢ People have concern about security and privacy. They like to feel their money with their hand. They actually don’t believe in virtual money transfer. †¢ In the field of IT new technology is coming every day. The one which is very popular today might get obsolete tomorrow. So to have a competitive edge over the competitors the banks must always update their services. †¢ The movement towards online banking might marginalized the customers who do not have internet access or who are not technologically sound.Despite the presence of online Internet service in Bangladesh, its scope is largely underutilized. The reasons include high service charges, lack of awareness, poor telecommunication systems, government policy, low buying power of potential clients, and lack of institutional support. 7. CHALLENGES / RISKS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESH Generally it is believed that banks in Bangladesh are facing different problems adopting e-banking. Inefficiency and lack of adequate knowledge of the top management of the last generation about e–banking may have to be put at the first place.The top management set the way for future development. For the change they must have understood its significance and prospect. Only so, proper strategic plan could be done, appropriate adjustment with changing national and international business and technological environment could be made, the coming challenges from the national and international. competition successfully faced, and the market share retained and gained. The lack of communication channel and technological and technical infrastructure suppo rt may be seen as the second crucial challenges of e-banking in Bangladesh.It is not enough that there are enough communication channels, but they must be efficient, competitive, competent, cost effective and supportive to the services. In the millennium of ICT every nation has to think global, so worldwide efficient networking and WAP have to be ensured. Ensuring mature technology is also very important for successful introduction of the e-banking which includes adequate software. Modern technology is available but frequently very costly, but the countries like Bangladesh have other decisive comparative advantages that could be used to compensate the cost of the modern technology.In this way, the modern technology could be made economically viable, cost-effective and competitive even in the world market. Qualified human resource is another factor that has to be considered, which means experts have to be made available in the market. In the long run such services can’t be mad e competitive with hired or imported human resources. So, respective educational institutes must be established for the supply of the experts for the management of the hard- and software of the sectors. It is expected that a part of the existing employees both from the rank and file may resist the change.To motivate and integrate them in the change, training and reorientation program must be launched. Security of the services is very important to popularize it. To protect the service from piracy and fraudulency reliable security systems must be ensured. In this regard, government, banks, and Bangladesh Bank must work together. So and so, ways and means must be found to protect fraud and money laundering but at the same time ensuring fund transferring. 8. RECOMMENDATION / SUGGESTIONS OF ONLINE BANKING SERVICE IN BANGLADESHMost of the countries have adopted E-banking and the consumers seem to like the convenience of E-banking despite some continuing hesitancy. The widespread uses of A TMs has paved the way for greater acceptance of other forms of electronic money such as smart cards and POS. Direct deposit, and to a lesser extent, electronic bill payment, are and to a lesser extent gaining popularity. In addition, as more people purchase personal computer and use the internet, home banking should become more widely accepted. But a cashless or check less financial system is still not in the state of foreseeable future.Though there are 28 banks in Bangladesh, mostly head quartered in Dhaka. Most of these banks do not offer online or electronic service such as Direct Deposit. There are some ATM machines, though not nearly as concentrated as in a developed economy. The Ministry of Science, Information and Communication Technology has given out the policy for the development in the IT sector. The ministry has concentrated on the following sections: †¢ Human Resources Development through Education and Training †¢ ICT Infrastructure development †¢ Researc h and Development in ICT †¢ Development of ICT Industry Development of E-Commerce †¢ E-Government / E-Governance establishment †¢ Establishment of Legal Issues. The Government spending in ICT is going to increase by at least 2% of ADPin coming years. The ICT companies will get preferential terms which will be able to meet up 20% of its revenue expenditure. BCC has created a centralized fund for R&D which would encourage contributing 1% of all profits from ICT-enabled services to the HRD fund. This will greatly help the development if ICT in Bangladesh. The software support for internet banking, i. e. FLEXCUBE is available in Bangladesh.Again Bangladesh Government is working on the copyright law and the preservation of intellectual property act. After the successful implementation of all these policies and strategies we are expecting that more than 50% of the banks will be offering internet banking facilities that is now 12% only. E-banking is in its nascent state in B angladesh. At present, Information Technology (IT) is a subject of widespread interest in Bangladesh. The government has declared IT as a thrust sector and set up a vision of Digital Bangladesh in 2021. But Bangladesh has a long way to go in a very short time to enjoy the fruits of information age.It will be only possible when there will be political commitment with better IT infrastructure, internal network, country domain and above all ahigh speed fiber optic link to the information superhighway. In order to ensure a successful practice of e-banking in Bangladesh, we recommend the following. * E-banking systems should be simple to use, fast and user friendly. * E-banking services should be standardized so that wherever the solution is used the customer is familiar with the procedure followed. * Government should compel the banking sectors to automate their operation and going online by a specific period. Provide adequate training and technological support to develop the manpower. * Appropriate legal framework. * Proper infrastructure development. * Government should implement the cyber laws to ensure proper security about customers information (i. e. Credit card number) . * Government should establish proper educational institution to create efficient IT professionals to support e-banking in Bangladesh. * Developing of integrated e-banking software. Government, in collaboration with the banks, should educate and inform its citizens and customers on the workability and effectiveness of E-banking.This will increase the confidence level of customers. * The clearing house operation in Bangladesh should be fully automated system. * Banks should have adequate research and technological background in this regard. * Bank can charge normal profit to enlarge the market size on the electronic banking products. * Political commitment to improve governance and institutional strength is essential for successful application of e-banking. * As e-bank users mostly use ATMs a nd POS in most cases, the banks should emphasize on providing uninterruptible service.

Lord of the Flies Homework Essay

Piggy is clearly a clever boy, but he is a victim too? How does the writer use him in the novel? Lord of the Flies is about a group of schoolboys stranded on an island. The boys have to fend for themselves and try to get rescued. One of the main characters in the book is Piggy. The second person we find out about on the island is Piggy. We never find out his real name because he was always called Piggy and at the beginning Piggy also says â€Å"They used to call me â€Å"Piggy†Ã¢â‚¬ . He said this to Ralph because he trusted him and wanted to build friendship with him. Ralph makes fun of him, which shows the first sign that he is a victim. When Golding first introduces Piggy, he is described as â€Å"the fat boy†, whereas Ralph is described as â€Å"the fair boy† and as an athletic person. This contrast between the two characters makes Piggy seem inadequate in comparison to Ralph. This consequently makes him a likely victim too. It also makes Piggy the most physically vulnerable character because he is overweight and has asthma. Golding uses Piggy as a representative of an adult on the island. Even though at the start he repeatedly talks about his aunt, â€Å"My auntie told me not to run†, which sounds very childish, but as the rules of civilisation fall away from the island, he does not mention his auntie any more. On several places throughout the novel Piggy wonders about what grownups would say. He longs for the order and structure that adults impose. On times when Ralph thinks about what will happen next Piggy says they just have to carry on because that is what grownups would do. When the boys go rushing off to light the fire on the mountain, Piggy describes them as â€Å"crowd of kids† and follows them with the â€Å"martyred expression of a parent†. These examples clearly show that Golding uses Piggy to replace the grownup world. Another example of his maturity is when he wants the shelters to be built, â€Å"The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down there by the beach†¦ Then when you get here you build a bonfire that isn’t no use. Now you been and set the whole island on fire†. This shows also that Piggy had common sense by wanting to build the shelters on the beach first, which might be boring, but better than the doing exciting things first like the other boys think. The writer also uses Piggy as a symbol of intelligence and civilisation. This however did not benefit the rest of the boys directly. If this was the case, he probably would not have been victimised at the end. The main reason for this might be that he did not have any leadership qualities, as an obese person, having asthma and wearing glasses would not be able to do certain things. His look did not fit into the profile of a powerful leader and he did not have the charisma a leader needs. Instead of this Piggy’s intelligence was used and published by Ralph, which left him with nothing to tell the group that they would recognise. This made Piggy even more of a victim because nobody apart from Ralph really noticed Piggy’s intelligence. Ralph needed Piggy and that is why he was able to notice his intelligence. Piggy was someone who reminded Ralph back to civilisation when his thoughts began to drift away. Piggy knows all sorts of things like at the beginning he finds and also tells Ralph how to use the conch and that it would make a noise, which would then call all the boys together. This also shows his intelligence. The physical appearance of Piggy is his biggest fallback of his ideas he puts into the assemblies. Often his ideas are completely ignored, because nobody recognises how important they might be. Because Piggy is very sensitive too and Jack continuously bullies him, he does not get any respect from the other boys. The fact that Jack is successful in doing this to Piggy, other boys get frustrated and choose to ignore him and follow Jack’s influence. Once rules are established, in Piggy’s eyes, breaking them is unthinkable because he stays civilised throughout the whole novel. On several places in the book he says â€Å"I’ve got the Conch. Let me speak† and a lot of referring to the conch because he sees the conch as an important symbol unlike the other boys. Whereas the other boys on the island do not care about rules at all Piggy cares a lot about them. He is unable to adapt the living without law and order and does not comprehend why the other boys can. Piggy gets killed in the end because Jack’s tribe gets fed up with Piggy and his importance of the conch and rules. By the treatment of Jack’s tribe towards Piggy Golding wants to show that a society also needs a scapegoat. The boys choose Piggy because of his physical appearance and because they do not understand his intelligence and the need of it. By picking Piggy as the scapegoat they make themselves feel better. Jack, who bullies him most, also slaps him on the mountain because he knows that Piggy will not be able to take revenge on him as Piggy is a fat boy having asthma. This makes Piggy a victim too, because it shows that everyone on the island could do anything to Piggy without worrying that he might not revenge. Even the name ‘Piggy’ makes him a victim. I think Golding called him so because he is the victim of the island. His name is used as he is the prey of the island just like the pigs that are killed for food. This is done to show how society victimises people. In conclusion Piggy’s character is the symbol of civilisation and intelligence. He mainly becomes a victim because of his physical appearance and his inability to do certain things because of his asthma. I think Golding chose to victimise Piggy because he wanted to make the reader feel sympathy towards a civilised, kind and intelligent character, no matter how his physical appearance is.